Examination and Critique of Tawhid al-Af'ali (Divine Unity in Actions) in Human Actions from the Wahhabi Perspective

Tawhid al-Af'ali (Divine Unity in Actions) is one of the most important aspects of monotheism in the realm of human thought and belief. A monotheistic person must believe that there is no independent effective agent in existence except God, and all actions originate from Him. Although human actions are based on their free will, these actions occur with God's permission and will. The research findings show that although Wahhabis emphasize God's unity in causation when explaining this issue, they have not been able to properly depict human free will under the shadow of monotheism. They have opposed the Jahmiyyah and determinists, considering the view of God as the direct agent to be erroneous. Instead, they regard humans as agents of their own actions while defining God as the direct creator of human actions. Human causality is defined like other non-volitional causes. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research demonstrates that God's direct creation and human substitution is incorrect, and based on the longitudinal relationship between humans and God, both are agents. The Wahhabi perspective, although seemingly opposed to determinism, contains the problems and implications of determinism and necessitates compulsion.Keywords: Istighatha (seeking help), seeking assistance, seeking aid, prophets' miracles, saints' wonders.